Definition And Purpose Of Education - 1668 Words

It is perhaps misleading to refer to a singular meaning and purpose of education. Instead, as this essay will show, the meanings ascribed to it vary considerably, dependent on the positionality of the speaker and their sociocultural context. ‘Education’ itself is a highly contested term, and so the answer to the question posed is necessarily a complex one. Educational systems, as part of the structure of a society, derive much of their character from it. They aid in the transmission of knowledge from one generation to the next, reproducing that which the dominant culture finds valuable. Schooling, it can be said, exists more for the benefit of society than for the individual. This cultural reproduction can take a multiplicity of forms within the educational context, ranging from the starkly evident to the subconscious and implicit. However, this theory of purpose is far from a universally accepted one, and alternatives will also be examined here. Sewell (2007), drawing on Wittgenstein’s linguistic theories, suggests that the meaning of ‘education’ is not fixed but contextual; it therefore carries a multiplicity of meanings and cannot be reduced to any one formal definition. This is in keeping with Matheson’s (2004) description of the term as ‘elastic’ and capable of stretching to encompass whichever qualities the speaker’s rhetoric demands. Yet in order for the word to fulfil its function, there must be core commonalities of meaning. One highly influential definition wasShow MoreRelatedThe Definition And The Purpose Of Education1484 Words   |  6 Pagesanalyses the definition and the purpose of education. I first define education as a particularly social activity through the integration from different views. Then I introduce the education in China, in the process of quality education reform, which can be taken as a shift from the utilization of education. The current situation, however, is unsatisfactory and problematic because the reform seems to be just a formality. Partially as a solution to this, I describe the purpose of education to focus onRead MoreA Critical and Rhetorical Analysis of William Cronons Only Connect.1712 Words   |  7 PagesA Liberal Education? Not According to Cronon. A Critical and Rhetorical Analysis of Cronons Only Connect. While the term liberal education is heard from the most prestigious university to an inner city community college, the phrase itself has a hazy definition at best. While educators across America struggle with the definition of the phrase, William Cronon uses purpose, structure, and appeals in his essay Only Connect: The Goals of Liberal education, to define a liberally educated being andRead MoreChallenges of Teaching Students with Emotional/Behavioral Disorders1735 Words   |  7 PagesChallenges of Teaching Students with EBD There are many challenges presented to the education system in teaching students with EBD. Many of these challenges are related to the interpretation of the definition of EBD itself. This paper will address the many challenges of teaching students with EBD including a discussion of the definitions presented to the Federal government for adoption. EBD Definitions The definition of EBD according to IDEA 2004 states that emotional disturbance includes at leastRead MoreIntroduction. Nowadays, There Are More And More People1638 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent degrees and different ways. It seems that education has become a common word in daily life and it seems to be easy to understand. In fact, education, as a social activity, with a long history of development, a complex and diverse internal structure, interacts with other social activities in multilevel and multifaceted way. Through the long history,educators,thinkers,politicians and scholars have answered the question of what education is in different ways: some see it from the perspectiveRead MoreEducationese Power Point1012 Words   |  5 PagesEducationese Inclusion ï‚› Inclusion places a special needs student in a regular education classroom for the full day or part of the day(Webster). ï‚› Inclusion is good in the classroom so the kids can make friends and feel like they are not being left out. Informal assessment ï‚› An informal assessment is assessing a student in a casual atmosphere using checklists, observation, performance and the student may not even know about it(2014). ï‚› An informal assessment helps a teacher understand what levelRead MoreEssay about Critical Thinking: Evaluation1572 Words   |  7 Pagesof an Academic Source This paper is a summary of critical evaluation of the suitability of an article as an academic source. The title of the article is Critical Thinking: An Extended Definition. The author, Professor Ken Petress, analyzes various definitions of critical thinking and provides his definition of the concept as well. It is vitally important when performing research on a topic that we completely understand the topic and that we can apply certain tests or questions to the topic inRead MoreStruggling to Define Industry in the Industrial Disputes Act805 Words   |  3 PagesINTRODUCTION No other provision of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 (hereinafter ID Act) has been under as much scrutiny as the definition of ‘industry’ given under section 2(j). To avail the benefit of the ID Act, it is necessary for the worker to prove that his place of employment falls under the purview of the definition of ‘industry’ in s 2(j). Over the years the judiciary has laid down certain tests and criteria to determine and limit (or as seen later, expand) the scope of the legislationRead MoreEssay on My Personal Philosophy of Education1490 Words   |  6 Pages Philosophy of Education Relating my reasons for becoming a teacher was not a very difficult task for me; to accomplish this task I simply needed to reflect upon and describe some of my own personal experiences. I relied basically upon my memories and thoughts about my own educational experiences. However, describing my philosophy of education was much more difficult task for me to accomplish. First of all, before I could properly describe my philosophy, I realized I needed a workingRead MoreBenefits Of Co Teaching For Students With Special Education1189 Words   |  5 Pages 2004). A student with special needs has the right to a free and appropriate public education. This is mandated under the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA 2004). This law also states that a student should be educated in their least restrict environment. Ideally, this would be the general education classroom. Co-teaching was designed to support the needs of students with disabilities in a general education setting. Resea rch studies have shown that co-teaching can be very effective for studentsRead MoreThe National Physical Education Standards Essay888 Words   |  4 Pagesto accomplish a physically healthy lifestyle. Both the National Physical Education Standards(AAHPERD) and the Mississippi Physical Education Frameworks assist educators in designing a curriculum that teaches students about the necessity and fundamentals of physical activity. There are obvious differences and similarities between both educational standards as far as their content and structure goes. However, both the purpose and function of both standards are still analogous. Both standards inform

Everyone Has Heard, Read, Or Even Experience Hiv. Those

Everyone has heard, read, or even experience HIV. Those letters stand for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. If left untreated, HIV can lead to the disease AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). Unlike some other viruses, the human body cannot win the battle against HIV. Once someone contracts the virus, it will attack the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which help the immune system to fight infections. Over time, HIV can destroy many of these cells, making the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections or cancers. The United Nations currently estimates that there are close to 34 million people in the world living with HIV. New infections with HIV have a very rapid rate of approximately 16,000 every day and 6†¦show more content†¦The relationship and differences between rich and poor countries has been proved to be an important factor to consider when analyzing different epidemiologic rates. The United Nations under its special sector named UNAIDS has a specific goal of closing the resource gap for HIV responses. UNAIDS identifies the lack of external funding as one of the major factors involved in the inequity between developed and developing countries. The flattening and decline of HIV external funding concerns not only low-income countries, historically dependent on foreign aid, but also an increasing number of classified middle and upper-middle income countries in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia region, and Latina America and the Caribbean. UNAIDS also exposes â€Å"the lack of data on HIV spending, funding flows and unit costs, coupled with inadequate expenditure tracking and financial planning and management skills among AIDS program managers that make it difficult not only to take stock of domestic investment and potential inefficiencies, but also to properly plan and make the case for HIV investment.† The Global AIDS Fund, founded in 2002, is a partnership between governments, civil society, the private sector and people affected by the diseases. The Global Fund raises and invests nearly US$4 billion a year to support programs run by local experts in countries and communities most in need. They believe that â€Å"the only way to end AIDS,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Amazing Grace1936 Words   |  8 Pages Amazing Grace, written by Jonathan Kozol. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;At first glance, it seems that the author is going to take us on yet another journalistic ride through the land of the poor. Similar to the ones you read about, or hear in the news. However, this is not the case; the real underlying theme is what is society doing about the plight of the poor? Kozol uses the views of children to emphasize that these reports on living conditions are not being obtained by â€Å"disgruntled† adultsRead MoreThe Seating Arrangement Of The Room2229 Words   |  9 Pagesto someone or something that makes them more comfortable. It appears this is according to the therapist chair as well. Some clients want to be close to the therapist others want to be in a corner. There is an unwritten agreement, so that if someone has a claim to a particular place in the room, others will move out of the seat and will not engage in a conflict over the seat. One thing I noticed is that clients that have some connection to each other will sit together. This can be disruptive if theyRead More Culture of Fear Essay4396 Words   |  18 Pagesmonger and an intellectual elitist. 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Embedding and Extracting of Secret Data Free Essays

BLOCK DIAGRAM 3.1 TRANSMITTER Section In Transmitter subdivision there are 3 parts: img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.div class="phdessay__article-cta" We will write a custom essay sample on Embedding and Extracting of Secret Data or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.001.png"/ Figure 1 The block diagram Transmitter subdivision In Transmitter subdivision there are 3 parts: Input screen Images Encoder subdivision Output Stego Image The screen image used for the proposed strategy to be taken as an input Original screen Image which is used for implanting secret informations in it. Encoder unit is composed of Generation map and secret keys. Encoder determines whether it is smooth country or edged country depending upon the threshold value. In smooth country little figure of spots implanting compared to inch country. Finally at the sender subdivision Stego image is generated which is a combination of secret keys and screen images. 3.2 RECEIVER Section img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.002.png"/ Figure 2 The block diagram Receiver subdivision In Receiver subdivision there are 3 parts: Input Stego Images Decoder subdivision Output Cover Image The Stego Image is taken as an input to the receiver side. The Stego image is decoded right by utilizing secret keys and coevals map to obtain the screen image. The secret keys used in both the sender and receiver side are same. Pixels in the border countries are embedded by Q-bit of secret informations with a larger value of Q than that of pels placed in smooth countries. Chapter 4 PROJECT METHODOLOGY 4.1The proposed adaptative strategy There are five secret keys viz. R1, R2, v1, v2, T and 1 6 v1, 1 6 v2, ( v1 + v2 ) lt ; 6. The mean different values of a four-pixel block are utilized to sort the block as a smooth country or an edge country. The scope of mean different value is partitioned into two different degrees, smooth degree and border degree. Q-bit of the secret information is embedded in Pixels located in the block, where Q is decided by the degree in which the norm different values belong to. In the implanting procedure of secret informations, harmonizing to the secret keys v1 and v2, the smooth degree will utilize lower value v1 while the border degree uses greater value v1 + v2. The information embedding procedure is given in Section 2.1.1 and the extracting stage is described in Section 2.1.2. 2.1.1. The implanting stage in proposed adaptative method The original image is separated into non- overlapping four-pixel blocks. For each block, there are four neighboring pels ‘Pi, j’ ; ‘Pi, j+1’ ; ‘Pi+1, j’ ; ’ Pi+1, j+1’ and their corresponding grey values are y0, y1, y2, y3, severally. The undermentioned flow chart shows elaborate working of implanting stage in proposed adaptative strategy img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.013.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.012.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.011.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.011.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.010.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.008.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.007.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.006.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.005.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.004.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amaz onaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.003.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.014.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.018.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.017.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.016.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.015.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.019.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.020.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.024.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.023.png"img alt="" 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src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.031.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.034.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.036.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.035.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.037.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.039.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.038.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.040.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.041.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.042.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.048.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.047.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.046.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.045.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.044.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.043.png"/ The elaborate embedding stairss are as follows. Measure 1: Generate Two sets Kr and Kc utilizing threshold Hr ( R1, v1 ) and Hc ( R2, v2 ) , severally. Via sets Kr and Kc form a discrepancy of a Cartesian merchandise viz. , Kr _ Kc. Set Kr _ Kc generates an ordered set of combinations of Kr and Kc with 2v1 †¢ 2v2 = 2v1+v2 elements ( Eq. ( 1 ) ) . Kr*Kc = { Kria†Ã¢â‚¬Å¡a†Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Kcja†Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ , Kri ˆ Kr, Kcj ˆ Kc, i=1,2,3†¦ .img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.049.png"} =1, 2, 3†¦ ..img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.050.png".†¦ ( 1 ) Measure 2: Calculate the mean difference value D, Which is determined by img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.051.png"†¦ . ( 2 ) Where ymin is ymin=min { y0, y1, y2, y3 } Measure 3: Using Threshold T and D find smooth block, Edge block and mistake block. i.e. a ) If D lt ; =T, D belongs to Smooth block. B ) If D gt ; T, D belongs to Edge block. degree Celsius ) If D lt ; =T and ( ymax- ymin ) gt ; 2*T+2, D belongs to Error block. Measure 4: Repeat measure 3 for full image Measure 5: Capacity= ( ( border block* ( v1+v2 ) ) + smooth block*v1 ) ) *4 Measure 6: For smooth block obtain I utilizing Kr A ; Secret informations and find‘d’ . For border block: – d=img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.050.png"? ( i-1 ) +j†¦ . ( 3 ) For smooth block: – d= I†¦ .. ( 4 ) Measure 7: Create pel group utilizing ‘n=2^Q’ . degree Fahrenheit ( Lolo ) =yi mod n+1 †¦ . ( 5 ) Measure 8: Using pel group embed the Secrets spots Measure 9: If No Of Secret Data=Capacity, travel to step 10 else measure 6. Measure 10: Apply mistake cut downing process for minimising perceptual deformation between screen A ; stego image. Example: – Assume we have a block part with 4 neighboring pel values ( 210, 237, 198, and 183 ) , and the secret information informations for implanting in original image are ‘10010101110000111010’ . Suppose v1 = 2, v2 = 3, R1 = 257, R2 = 36 and T = 25. Here first coevals map Kr= { 000,100,010,011,001,110,101,111 } is created by utilizing Hr ( R1, V1 ) i.e. Hr ( 257,2 ) and 2nd coevals map Kc = { 01,11,10,00 } is generated by utilizing Hc ( R2, V2 ) i.e. Hc ( 36,3 ) , after that by utilizing equation ( 2 ) calculate the mean different value ‘D’ = ( 96/3 ) =32 which is greater than threshold value T, so the present block has been positioned in border country and is embedded Q = 5 Numberss of spots of secret informations in each peculiar pel. Hence, sum entire 4 * 5 = 20 spots are embedded in given block. Here for first pel into the block, e.g. y0 = 210, the initial part of secret informations ’10010’ is split into the two sub-strings ‘100’ and ‘10’ . Then, we get one = 2 and j = 3 because the 6th constituent of Kr is ‘100’ and 4th constituent of Kc is ‘10’ . Harmonizing to equation ( 3 ) , we compute‘d’ utilizing 8 * ( 2–1 ) +3 = 11. After that, the pel group ‘G’ is formed for the pel value y0 = 210 with n =img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.052.png"= 32. Here g 19= 210. Finally, the stego-pixel y`0 can be achieve from the dth component of G, i.e. y`0 = g24 = 202. Likewise we can happen leftover stego-pixel y`1 = 249, y`2 = 201, y`3 = 185 and therefore stego-block ( 202,249,201,185 ) is achieved. After using readjusts process we get concluding stego-block ( 202, 241, 201, and 185 ) . 2.1.2The pull outing stage in proposed adaptative strategy Like the implanting procedure, Partition the stego-image into four-pixel blocks. The undermentioned flow chart for pull outing informations from stego image in proposed adaptative strategy explains elaborate working flow img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.053.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.054.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.055.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.056.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.027.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.059.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.058.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.057.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.060.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.064.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.063.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.062.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.061.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.027.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.026.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.065.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.067.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.066.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.068.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.032.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.069.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.070.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.009.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1863648.071.png"/ The undermentioned stairss are executed to pull out the secret information. Measure 1: Input signal Stego Image, Secret keys R1, R2, v1, v2, T Step2: Generate Kr A ; Kc Using R1, R2, v1, v2 Step3: Initialize i=0 A ; j=0 Measure 4: if I lt ; =M A ; j lt ; =N, travel to step 5 else halt. Measure 5: Calculate Average Diff ‘D’ utilizing combining weight. ( 2 ) Measure 6: Exploitation Threshold ‘T’ and ‘D’ find smooth block, Edge block and mistake block. i.e. a ) If D lt ; =T, D belongs to Smooth block. B ) If D gt ; T, D belongs to Edge block. degree Celsius ) If D lt ; =T and ( ymax-ymin ) gt ; 2*T+2, D belongs to Error block. Measure 7: Create pel group utilizing n=2^Q and degree Fahrenheit ( Lolo ) =yi mod n+1 Measure 8: Determine place information‘d’ . Measure 9: From‘d’ extract secret informations. Example For case, we extract the implanting illustration ( 151, 88, 193, and 133 ) , which is shown in the before subdivision. Assume v1 = 2, v2 = 3, R1 = 257, R2 = 36 and T = 25. The coevals map Kr = { 001, 110,101,010,111,100,011,000 } is formed by utilizing Hr ( R1, V1 ) i.e. Hr ( 257,2 ) and Kc = { 00,10,11,01 } by utilizing Hc ( R2, V2 ) i.e. ( 36,3 ) are produced. Here D gt ; T, hence this block is placed in edge country and hence Q = v1 + v2 = 3 + 2 = 5 spots have embedded into each Pixel in the block. In present block sum, 4 †¢ 5 = 20 spots are embedded. Let us see 3rd pel into the block ( e.g. y â€Å" 2 = 202 ) . The pel group G is created for value 202 via Eq. ( 5 ) With n = 32. We create the variant Cartesian merchandise Kr _ Kc, which is value 202 with n = 22+3= 32. The place of stego-pixel 202 in G is 1, because vitamin D = ( 202 mod 32 ) + 1 = 3. The piece of binary secret informations ‘00001’ can be extracted because ‘00001’ is the 3rd constituent of Kr _ Kc. In the same manner, has extracted the secret information subdivision ‘10010’ for Yâ€Å"0, ‘10111’ for Yâ€Å"1and ‘11010’ for Yâ€Å"3. Finally we achieve ‘10010101110000111010’ which is the similar secret information informations in the implanting illustration of before subdivision. How to cite Embedding and Extracting of Secret Data, Essay examples

Theologies of Moltmann and Pannenberg †Free Sample Solution

Question: Discuss about the comparing and contrasting the theologies of Moltmann and Pannenberg within the rubric of theology of hope? Answer: The approach that has been adopted by Jrgen Moltmann and Wolfhart Pannenberg is similar but at the same time, some differences are also present in this regard. One such similarity is present regarding the nature of Bible, as it neither follows the doctrine of installation nor the doctrine of inerrancy. On the other hand, while talking about the difference between the approaches adopted by the two, you can be said that while Moltmann wants that the theology should be capable of relating with the experiences of life, especially the question of theodicy. The thing done by Moltmann to systematic theology is the volume that is called "contributions" even if these volumes are related with theology from a general perspective only (Gunton, 1997 p145). But on the other hand, there is Pennenberg as it appears that he is more interested in producing the theology that is more coherent, systematic, apologetic and didactic. In this way, he does not appear to be interested in making sure that the t heology can be related with life experiences or at least it can be said that this is not equally relevant for Pennenberg as it is relevant to Moltmann (Clark, 2003). While Moltmann is probably considered as the most prominent one, but certainly he is not the only theological of hope. Another one that can be named in this regard is Wolfhart Pannenberg and he also achieved significant popularity in the United States after the late 60s. In 'Revelation as History', Pennenberg has written a noteworthy essay in which, and understanding can be found regarding all reality in terms of eschaton, the Christ event being the beginning of that nature and also regarding the concept of God as being the God of future. In the same way, when it comes to actual theology, there can be several differences related the areas like The Trinity, the final judgment, eschatology etc.. However one similarity that can be pointed out between these two is that both of them lay emphasis on the power of future over present but when it comes to having more understanding of this, there are significant differences present between the two. While Hagel is read by Moltmann in such a way that it provides an understanding regarding the fact that future is the revolutionary and transformative overcoming of presence (Moltmann, 1980). But in case of Pennenberg, future is considered as something that is proleptically found in the present and as a result, it is not necessary that the president should be dramatically upended as it can be improved gradually (Pannenburg, 1987 p7). In this way, the differences that are present in the readings of Hegel can be associated with the way in which Moltmann and Pennenberg have developed their own political views. Moltmann considers the tension that is present between the cross and resurrection as being the insurrection of God against the worldly powers that enslave and marginalize, and in the end, destroying humanity (Schwarz, 2012). This position, along with the fact that he considers future as overcoming the present can be used to explain the political views of Moltmann, particularly the reason behind the fact that his writings were able to achieve significant popularity during liberation theology movement. If it is considered by the people that the status quo present in sociopolitical world is not capable of even gradual transformation for the betterment, revolutionary change may be required. In this way, Moltmann believes that democratic socialism is the only way through which a more equitable outcome can be achieved. On the other hand, Pennenberg is in the favor more democratic capitalist model that is capable of becoming more just and fair over time if needed (Wright and Paternoster, 2000). In the same way, the difference that is present between their view of Hegel also has an impact on their view regarding the way history is impacted by divinity. As a result, Pennenberg believes that the likelihood of the resurrection of Jesus actually taking place can be deduced which means that the resurrection can be approached in the same way as any other historical event is approached. On the other hand, in the opinion of Moltmann, resurrection of Jesus Christ is not such an event that can be discussed in terms of history. He believes that it is an event that can make the history and in this way, this event breaks the power enjoyed by history. References Gunton, C., (1997) The Doctrine of Creation in Cambridge Companion to Christian Doctrine, p.145 Pannenburg, W., (1987) The Doctrine of Creation and Modern Science, p.7 Jrgen Moltmann, 1980, Why am I a Christian? in Experiences of God, Philadelphia: Fortress Press T T Clark, 2003, Spirit of the Last Days: Pentecostal Eschatology in Conversation with Jrgen Moltmann, by Peter Althouse, London Nigel Wright, Carlisle, Paternoster, 2000, Disavowing Constantine: Mission, Church and the Social Order in the Theologies of John H. Yoder and Jrgen Moltmann Schwarz, Hans, 2012. 'Wolfhart Pannenberg' in The Blackwell Companion to Science and Christianity J.B. Stump and Alan G. Padgett (eds.) Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.

Strauss

Last Saturday, May 7, 2011, a Sofitel chambermaid entered a $3000 per night suite because she was instructed to clean it. But when she was inside she was confronted with a man without clothes and immediately this person started attacking her.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strauss-Khan Arrested for Attempted Rape specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More She was dragged to a nearby bedroom and when the man tried to remove her underwear she was able to fight back and escape. It was later found out that the man was no ordinary pervert for he is Dominique Strauss-Khan, the 62 year old head of the International Monetary Fund or the IMF (CNN Wire Staff, 2011, p.1). This study attempts to examine the report by CNN.com and analyze how data was used and how it can shape the opinion of the readers. Quality of Information The first thing that comes to mind is the source of the information. This news article did not come from a tab loid or any gossip column. This news article comes from CNN, through its official website CNN.com (CNN Wire Staff, 2011, p.1). It immediately creates a sense of assurance within the reader that information coming from this source is reliable and not based on baseless accusation or a product of a writer’s imagination. CNN has an organization has a well earned reputation of being an objective source of information that those who visit their website are assured that they have reporters who are trained to get raw information and then process it to produce news that can be relied upon for its accuracy. The same thing can be said about the report on Strauss-Khan and his alleged criminal offense. The high quality of information provides an objective view of the case. The reporter did not try to arouse the emotions of the reader. As much as possible the reporter focused only on the facts of the case. Later on it will be pointed out why the reporter chose to interview this person as o pposed to interviewing someone with merely an opinion or a casual observation of what happened.Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Methodology The reporter who wrote the news article did not simply rely on the work of others. Secondary information is not the core foundation of the article. A reporter went after people that have first-hand knowledge about the incident. Thus, the reporter had a direct line of communication with the alleged perpetrator’s lawyers Benjamin Brafman and William Taylor. By doing so the reporter was able to discover a crucial piece of news, Strauss-Khan will plead not guilty. The reporter also used investigative techniques to interview Deputy New York Commissioner Paul Browne in order to get relevant and accurate data about the case. In other words the reporter is expected to receive nothing less than official statements regarding the role of the police in the apprehension of Strauss-Khan. This also serves as a way to verify the process used to determine if there is a strong case against the IMF head. It is important to establish an airtight case against Strauss-Khan because he is considered a minor celebrity and therefore there are many people who will benefit from his legal problems. Strauss-Khan is the leader of powerful and influential organization and therefore there are many ways that his lawyers can create a defense that can weaken the allegations made against their clients. Although the news is something that can easily be sensationalized it is difficult not to feel skepticism considering that Strauss-Khan is a high-profile target of many unscrupulous people. It is therefore imperative for the CNN reporter not only to report about the superficial aspects of the case but to help inform the readers if there is a basis for such accusations. The reporter did not disappoint because in the course of the investigation he was able to determine that there was a police line-up made immediately after the arrest and the maid was able to identify Khan from the line-up assembled by the police and strengthening the case that indeed the maid knew the perpetrator and that she did not simply made it up.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strauss-Khan Arrested for Attempted Rape specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reporter also reached out to IMF headquarters. This is a clear sign of objective reporting and goes to show that the news agency delivering the news did not show any bias towards a person or group. But more than that the result of the interview provided a picture of how the IMF responded to the issue. The IMF seems to treat the case as a personal problem between Strauss-Khan and his accuser. It also seems as if the IMF tried to distance itself from Straus-Khan. Intended Audience The intended audience is the general public and everyone who a re considered as consumers of news content. It is for people who have access to the Internet and educated enough to understand the terms and languages used in the report. Although it can be said that the report is made accessible to everyone using non-technical language and easy to understand terms it is also correct to say that the intended audience are those who understand global politics and finance. Although experts are not the only people who can appreciate the said news article only those who have an idea about what the IMF does and what its role is in terms of nation building can truly appreciate the importance of this news article. On the other hand those who are interested in reading about powerful officials embroiled in a sex scandal can also enjoy this piece. Assumptions The reporter used investigative techniques and proceeded to write an objective new article because this is based on the assumption that any person charge of a crime should be considered as innocent until proven guilty. With regards to this case there are a lot of incriminating evidence. For instance Strauss-Khan left his phone when he tried to take a plane to France.Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The IMF headquarters also confirmed that Strauss-Kahn was not in New York for official business. It is also suspect as to the timing of his sudden departure that coincided with the reporting of the maid to the front desk as to the alleged crime. The minor injuries suffered by the chambermaid are also circumstantial evidence that makes it appear that Strauss-Khan is indeed guilty. But the reporter did not construct an article that highlighted these findings because it will appear as if he is giving his opinion regarding the case. It is therefore important to point out that the writer tried to find out more in order to present a more balanced view of the case. As a result he included the information regarding the police line-up. Analysis The analysis is reliable and valid. The reporter did not gather secondary information and wrote based on hearsay. The reporter went to the place where it happened and interviewed the personalities that have a direct bearing on the outcome of the case. The reporter did not simply interview chambermaids in the Sofitel hotel, the place of the alleged scene of the crime. The reporter did not interview passersby but went straight to those who can provide official statements from their capacity as lawyers, police commissioners, and employer. The conclusion is valid and appropriate because the reporter did not take shortcuts in order to create a reliable and accurate news article regarding the incident. Both sides of the story was sought and therefore a more balanced view was given. It was implied that Strauss-Khan is considered not guilty under due process has taken its course and has found guilty of the crime. Nevertheless, the reporter supplied the information that helps explain why police officers were able to stop a plane from taking off and went aboard to apprehend Strauss-Khan. It can be seen that there is enough evidence for a judge to see that there is indeed a case against Strauss-Khan. Conflict of Interest There is no confli ct of interest and there is no ethical issue that can cloud the veracity and validity of the new article. CNN will not benefit from the downfall of Strauss-Kahn. CNN is not organization that directly received funding from the four major sources of information, namely the IMF, New York Police Department, Sofitel, and the lawyers of Strauss-Kahn. Thus, CNN and the reporter who wrote the news article can provide an unbiased view of the incident. There is no conflict of interest and there is no ethical issue that will arise as to the motivation of the CNN reporter to know more about the case and wrote a news article about it. CNN is new agency and it is the responsibility of the writers and producers of the said organization to go after newsworthy stories and inform the general public about it. Conclusion The report was handled by a reputable organization known all over the world for its high standards. The readers are assured that every time a new article from CNN has been published th en they can rely on it for its objectivity and accuracy. Thus, when the new broke out that Strauss-Khan a high profile figure in the world of international finance was embroiled in a sex scandal, readers knew immediately that this should be taken seriously. The same reaction is not expected if the news came from tabloid and other organizations that has not yet proven their capability to deliver top quality news article. Nevertheless, the reader has still to examine the information contained therein to be sure that the CNN reporter did his job to provide a balanced and accurate news article. After reviewing the news article one can make the conclusion that an investigative type of reporting was used and that the reporter relied on first-hand information collected from official sources. The people interviewed did not merely provide opinion and what they feel about the case. They provided information that was very beneficial to those who are interested to know if indeed there was a cas e against Strauss-Khan or if this was just a scheme to discredit him and tarnish his reputation. Reference CNN Wire Staff. (2011). IMF head to plead not guilty in alleged attempted rape.  CNN.com Web. Available from:  http://edition.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/05/15/new.york.imf.questioning/index.html?hpt=T1 . This essay on Strauss-Khan Arrested for Attempted Rape was written and submitted by user M.O.D.A.M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Amateur And Professional Historians Of The United States

Amateur and professional historians tremendously shaped the United State’s history; historians made America what it is today. Historians came to us in many different fashions. From heroes that founded our nation, intelligent inventors, even to the people who just simply wrote down our history so Americans could know what our ancestors went through. Historians from America write about a large variety of issues and conflicts that the United States history witnessed: the agriculture, illnesses, leisure, banking, and even the sewer systems of elder times. Historians have helped us to link the past more to the present. An Italian philosopher, Benedetto Croce, observed that â€Å"every true history is contemporary history†. Croce was trying to cast that history was a science and could recover objective truths if properly practiced; he insisted that the past is unknowable. This does not mean that one cannot find out anything solid about the past, it means that no account of the past is free of perspectives, prejudices, and the priorities of the author. There were few major groups of historians that dramatically shaped the mold of American history: the Nationalists, Progressives, Consensus, Old Marxists, and the New Left. Each division of American historians includes several people who symbolize what each group stood for. The Nationalists were the dominant historical school during the 1870-1920 time period. They believed that America was a great country and believed it as a legally constitutional place. The Nationalists were predominantly pro-business and were considered the â€Å"captains of the industry†. Andrew Carnegie, Walt Whitmen, and Allan Nevins were a few of the Nationalists prized historians. Andrew Carnegie and Walt Whitmen were both considered as amateur historians, and Nevins was a professional historian. All of these men thought highly of America and its constitutional foundations. Andrew Carnegie, Triumphant Democracy, ... Free Essays on Amateur And Professional Historians Of The United States Free Essays on Amateur And Professional Historians Of The United States Amateur and professional historians tremendously shaped the United State’s history; historians made America what it is today. Historians came to us in many different fashions. From heroes that founded our nation, intelligent inventors, even to the people who just simply wrote down our history so Americans could know what our ancestors went through. Historians from America write about a large variety of issues and conflicts that the United States history witnessed: the agriculture, illnesses, leisure, banking, and even the sewer systems of elder times. Historians have helped us to link the past more to the present. An Italian philosopher, Benedetto Croce, observed that â€Å"every true history is contemporary history†. Croce was trying to cast that history was a science and could recover objective truths if properly practiced; he insisted that the past is unknowable. This does not mean that one cannot find out anything solid about the past, it means that no account of the past is free of perspectives, prejudices, and the priorities of the author. There were few major groups of historians that dramatically shaped the mold of American history: the Nationalists, Progressives, Consensus, Old Marxists, and the New Left. Each division of American historians includes several people who symbolize what each group stood for. The Nationalists were the dominant historical school during the 1870-1920 time period. They believed that America was a great country and believed it as a legally constitutional place. The Nationalists were predominantly pro-business and were considered the â€Å"captains of the industry†. Andrew Carnegie, Walt Whitmen, and Allan Nevins were a few of the Nationalists prized historians. Andrew Carnegie and Walt Whitmen were both considered as amateur historians, and Nevins was a professional historian. All of these men thought highly of America and its constitutional foundations. Andrew Carnegie, Triumphant Democracy, ...

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Psychology Of The Fraudster Profile Of Fraudsters Criminology Essay

Psychology Of The Fraudster Profile Of Fraudsters Criminology Essay It is important to understand the profile of a typical fraudster, by type of fraud he/she has committed, in order to control and detect a fraud. In case of an asset fraud, the person is generally someone who was not suspected, oftentimes least suspected. The profile of white-collar criminals is very different from blue-collar criminals, or street criminals. This statement makes fraud even more difficult to inhibit or identify. Who Commits Fraud? According to the principles mentioned above, one might conclude that fraud is caused mainly by factors external to the individual that include financial, economic, social, and political factors, and poor controls. But, what about the individuals? Are some people more inclined to to commit fraud than others? And if so, is that a more serious cause of fraud than the external and internal environmental aspects as discussed earlier? Data obtained from criminology and sociology gives the same impression. Start by making a broad view about people: Some individuals are honest all the time. Some individuals are deceitful all the time. Most individuals are honest some of the time. Some individuals are honest most of the time. A study was conducted to ask employees whether they are honest at work. Forty percent said they would not steal, 30 percent said they would, and 30 percent said they might. A part from those overviews about people, what can one say about fraud committers? About Lying, Cheating and Stealing, Gwynn Nettler, suggestions these understandings on cheaters and deceivers: People who have experienced failure are prone to cheat. People who are not liked and who hate themselves are more likely to be more deceitful. People who are thoughtless, capable of being distracted and unable to delay fulfilments are more likely to involve in deceitful crimes. People who have a sense of right and wrong (fear of anxiety and punishment; that is, awareness of disclosure) are more resistant to commit a crime. Intelligent people are more likely to be honest than uneducated people. Middle and elite-class people tend to be more honest than lower-class people. The easier it is to fraud and cheat, the more people will do so. Individuals have different needs and levels at which they will be adequately driven to lie, cheat, or steal. Lying, cheating, and theft increase when people are under stress to attain important objectives. The struggle to survive leads to deceit. Individuals lie, steal and cheat on the job in a variety of individual and administrative situations. The ways that are followed are: Personal variables Skills/abilities Attitudes/favourites Personal requirements/needs Morals/principles Organizational variables Type/scope of the job (meaningful work) Preparation/training provided Credit/acknowledgment system Significance of administration and management Clarity of duties Clarity of job-related objectives Interactive trust Motivational and moral environment (ethics and values of superiors and co-workers) External variables Amount of competition in the industry General financial conditions Social values (ethics of challengers and of social and political role models) The question rises; Why Do Workers Lie, Steal and Cheat on the Work? There are 25 reasons behind employee crimes that are looked by authorities in white-collar crime (criminologists, sociologists, psychologists, auditors, risk managers, police, and security experts): The employee believes he can escape from it. The employee thinks he/she badly needs or desires the money or articles that are stolen. The employee feels unsatisfied or disappointed about some part of the job. The employee feels upset or unhappy about some aspect of his personal life that is not related to job. The employee feels mistreated by the employer and wants to get even. The employee fails to think through the penalties of being caught. The employee thinks: everybody else cheats, so why not me? The employee thinks: theyre so big, stealing a little bit wont damage them. The employee doesnt know how to manage his/her own income so is always penniless and ready to steal. The employee feels that defeating the organization is a contest and experiment and not a matter of financial advantage alone. The employee was economically, socially, or traditionally deprived during childhood. The employee is compensating for an emptiness felt in his personal life and needs love, care, and friendship. The employee has no willpower and steals out of an impulse. The employee believes a friend at work has been subjected to embarrassment or misuse or has been treated unethically. The employee is just simply lethargic and will not work hard to earn enough to buy what he/she desires or needs. The organizations internal controls are so relaxed that everyone is attracted to steal. No one has ever been put on trial for stealing from the organization. Most employee thieves are caught by coincidence rather than by audit or design. Therefore, fright of being caught is not a warning to theft. Employees are not encouraged to discuss personal or financial problems at work or to seek managements advice and guidance on such matters. Employee stealing is a situational phenomenon. Each theft has its own former situations, and each thief has his/her own purposes. Employees steal for any reason the human mind and thoughts can call up. Employees never go to jail or get strict prison punishments for stealing, deceiving, or cheating from their employers. Human beings are weak and susceptible to to sin. Employees nowadays are morally, ethically, and mentally ruined and bankrupt. Employees tend to follow their superiors. If their superiors steal or cheat, then they are most likely to do the same. Laws must be sensible, fair in application and applied quickly and efficiently to be respected and obeyed. Company strategies that relate to employee honesty, like criminal laws in general must be sensible, reasonable, and projected to serve the companys best economic interests. The test of reasonableness for any company fraud policy is whether its terms are understandable, whether its punishments or preventions are appropriate to a real and serious matter, and whether its application is possible in a well-organized and legally effective way. But what particular employee actions are serious enough to be banned and/or punished? Any act that could or does result in significant loss, damage, or destruction of company assets should be forbidden. What is acceptable or considered significant will vary by organization, but wherever the limitations are defined, they must be well conversed, demonstrated by upper management, and applied as essential. The greatest warning to criminal conduct is a guaranteed and impartial justice; that means immediate detection and uneasiness, a quick and fair trial, and punishment according to the crime: loss of civil rights, honours, property, individual freedom, or societal approval. Having said all that, why is it that, regardless of the terrible consequences of criminal conduct, it still happens? Obviously, it is because the rewards obtained frequently go beyond the risk of uneasiness and punishment; that is, the troubles caused by punishment are not as severe as the pleasures of criminal conduct. The latter seems to be mainly true in cases of financial or white-collar crimes. Many times, when a fraud is noticed, the extent of punishment and penalty of the crime is sometimes without even paying back the fraud damages. So while prospective white collar criminals may believe they might get trapped, but still the consequences are below the satisfaction which they get by committing the crime. High-Level and Low-Level Thieves At high levels of administrative life, it is easy to steal because controls can be avoided or bypassed. The amounts that high-level managers steal, therefore, is likely to be greater than the amounts low-level employees steal. For example, according to the 2008 ACFE (Association of Certified Fraud Examiners) RTTN, executives average about  £834,000 per fraud, managers about  £150,000, and employees about  £70,000. The number of events of theft, however, is greater at low levels of administrations because of the large number of employees found there. The ACFE RTTN has gathered a profile of fraudsters based on the information collected from CFEs (Certified Fraud Examiner) in its assessments. The more expensive frauds, in terms of cost or losses, are committed by fraudsters who (a) have been working with the company for a long time, (b) receive a high earnings, (c) are males, (d) are above 60 years of age, (e) are well educated (the higher the educational degree completed, the higher the damages), (f) work in groups rather than alone, and (g) have never been accused with anything criminal. The most common frauds, however, are done by fraudsters with a different profile. These fraudsters (a) have been a worker for about the same amount of time as the high-level thieves, (b) earn much less, (c) could be either male or female (sex doesnt matter), (d) are between the ages of 41 and 50, (e) have completed high school, (f) work alone, (g) and have generally not been charged with any criminal conduct. Hall and Singleton provide a similar profile for a usual fraudster in general. These criminals are (a) in an important position in the company, (b) are usually male, (c) are over 50 years old, (d) are married, and (e) are well educated. This profile is similar to the one from the ACFE RTTN, and leads us to this general conclusion: A white-collar criminal does not look like a criminal! Who Is Victimised By Fraud Most Often? Measures to protect against fraud by either organization insiders or outside dealers, suppliers, and contractors must be sufficient; that is, they must achieve the goal of control-cost-feasible protection of assets against damage, loss, or destruction. Cost-feasible protection means minimal expenses for full protection. Generating an organizational police state would be too much control. A sensible viewpoint on controls and countermeasures is the best, and may require involving staffs in creating control policies, plans, and procedures. A well-adjusted viewpoint considers the costs and benefits of the proposed new controls while developing a trusting culture that includes loyalty and honesty. A distrusting culture is often associated with frauds. However, complete trust with no answerability is the main cause of fraud. Fraud is therefore most widespread in organizations that have no controls, no trust, no ethical values, no profits, and no prospect. Similarly, the more these situations exist, the higher the risk of fraud. Observed evidence shows that the most common factor in all frauds committed is the lack of setting apart of duties with no compensating control- a situation commonly presents in small business units. Small businesses and establishments (e.g., charities) have a higher risk of fraud than any other size business, because they are more likely to have one accountant, no isolation of duties, and no compensating control, and those factors are the most common in fraud. Start with the amusing hypothesis that most people are honest. Its a nice way to look at the world, and it recalls childhood memories about learning that honesty is the best policy and George Washington telling his father, I cannot tell a lie. Unhappy to say, human past and human nature tell a different story, and so do the statistics that study them. While most societies clearly dislike violent crime and physical harm, many societies hold financial fraud, whatever its scale, as a less disgraceful offense. Charles Ponzi, creator of the Ponzi scheme, was famous in some regions as a folk hero and praised by many of the people he helped. Investors and executives, whose frauds can upset thousands or tens of thousands of lives, have historically been punished with comparatively light punishments or serve their time at a low-security federal tennis camp. Some scholars have called this attitude toward white-collar crime a falsification of our general societal admiration for intelligence. During much of the past century, psychologists and sociologists worked hard to understand the inner workings of people who commit white-collar crime. Edwin Sutherlands White Collar Crime, the most significant work in the field argued in 1939 that an individuals personality has no relevance to a tendency to commit such crimes. Somewhat, he said, economic crimes create from the situations and social bonds within an organization, not from the biological and psychological features of the individual. Sutherland also made the useful and obvious, observation that criminality is not limited to the lower classes and to social misfits but spreads out, particularly where financial fraud is concerned, to upper-class, socially well-adjusted people. Over the many decades since White Collar Crime was published, convincing studies have concluded that two aspects should be kept in mind while analysing the psychology and personality of the fraudster: The natural abilities of an individual, which differ widely and influence behaviour, including social behaviour The social abilities that are derived from people and in turn shape how the individual deals with other people From these studies of psychology, two common forms of financial fraudster have been noted: Calculating criminals who want to compete and to affirm themselves Situation-dependent criminals who are anxious to protect themselves, their families, or their businesses from a disaster Since these studies were published, a third form of criminal has appeared out of disastrous business failures and humiliations. We will call them power brokers. Calculating Criminals Calculating criminals are hunters. They tend to be repeat criminal acts, they have higher-than-average intellect, and theyre relatively well educated. They typically start their careers in crime later in life than other criminals. These hunters are generally motivated to risk taking-no surprise there-and they lack feelings of anxiety and sympathy. A correlated view, somewhat different in its prominence, was offered in a 1993 study of Wall Streets insider-trading scandals by a team of psychologists who proposed that individuals eager to commit such crimes had an external locus of control-that is, they do not have inner direction, self-confidence, and self-respect and were driven by their desire to fit in and be accepted. Additionally, the study found that they describe success by others standards. Situation-Dependent Criminals But the main bulk of corporate criminals are not hunters at all. They are situation-dependent offenders: apparently ordinary people who commit crimes without the intending to harm others. This is significant in understanding white-collar crime, because nearly all news reporting and much of the scholarly literature in the area focuses on shocking, highly publicized, and largely a typical cases and ignores the more common and ordinary criminals and offenses that account for most white-collar crimes. Typical White-Collar Criminal Older (30+ years) 55% male, 45% female Appeared to be from a stable family Above-average (postgraduate) education Less likely to have criminal record Good mental health Position of trust Comprehensive and full knowledge of accounting systems and their weaknesses Previous accounting experience Source: ACFE At the start of an investigation, the forensic accounting investigator often sits down with the client and examines the organizational chart. The forensic accounting investigator and the client talk about each employee one by one, about each employees work, and about what is known of the lifestyle of each. What about Amanda? the forensic accounting investigator might say, pointing to an employee on the chart. No, it could not be Amanda. She has been with us for 20 years, the client responds. She is always helping others with their duties. She is nice and rarely takes time off. My wife and I have been to her home. Our sons are on the same football team. The client may believe that what he knows, or thinks he knows, about Amandas character and removes her from the list of suspects of fraud. In fact, an experienced forensic accounting investigator will understand that Amanda fits the profile of a white-collar criminal. This is not to propose that all nice people are criminals but, rathe r, that most white-collar criminals give the appearance of being nice people, thereby fitting the exact profile of Amanda. Power Brokers Many of todays highly placed corporate criminals show features of each of the previous two categories, but they are different enough in their methods and motives to possess a category all their own: power brokers. Like many of us, you have read about their excesses and asked yourself how respected business leaders could have been so fooled as to believe that they could grab the financial and human resources of their companies to line their own pockets and deceive a wide range of investors, including their own employees. Are the U.S. corporate leaders now facing criminal charges, which began their careers with the intention of creating a company that would enrich themselves while finally destroying the dreams and plans of thousands of innocent victims- are employees and investors alike? Were all of them hunters? Probably not. But a combination of hunter characteristics and the circumstances of their positions led them to commit financial crimes. Fraudsters Do Not Intend To Harm Generally speaking, situation-dependent criminals carry out their frauds with no purpose to harm any one. A high-ranking executive of Westinghouse Electric Co. who was accused of price-fixing in 1961 was asked whether he thought his behaviour was illegal. He responded: Illegal? Yes, but not criminal. Criminal action means hurting someone and we did not do that. It is critical to an understanding of the psychology of such people to accept this key point: most of them carry out their frauds with no intention of doing harm, and they believe-they are able to convince themselves-that what theyre doing is not wrong. These people may even convince themselves that what theyre doing is for the good of the company and everyone associated with it, including employees, investors, creditors, and other constituencies. Or they may believe that they deserve the spoils they seize because they rationalize their crimes as immaterial, innocent, or deserved-but not wrong. In most cases, they start small, but with time as the fraud grows in size, usually encompassing more than one scheme. Kinds of Rationalization In many admission-seeking interviews, suspects confess to their crimes, but rarely do they say, I stole the money. Instead, they bring up their rationalization for the crime. Such rationalizations can be of many kinds: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It was a loan, and I had every intention of paying it back. See (pulling out a spreadsheet), I kept track of all my loans so that I could pay it all back one day. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ That accounting rule is confusing and subjective. Accounting for the transactions in the manner I chose is entirely acceptable. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ My boss has been cheating on his taxes for years. Im just getting my share. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Everyone in this industry takes kickbacks. Im sure my employer is aware of it, and thats why they dont pay me very much. They expect me to supplement my income with gifts from our suppliers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Im the hardest-working employee here, and I know my boss would give me a substantial raise if he could do it without other people knowing. Instead, I take a little bit, but Im actually saving the company money because only I get the raise.' à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What do you expect me to do? You give me no health insurance coverage, and I need to provide for my children and my parents. They depend on me, and I cant let them down. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ There are a lot of good people here. If I didnt make up a few entries to give the appearance to corporate that we were making budgeted income, they would close our division and put 50 people out of work. I did it to save their jobs. In sum, rationalization enables a person to take that final step toward crime. Motivations for Fraud à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..In a 2001 article, The Psychology of Fraud, the authors noted that fraud, like other crime, can best be explained by three factors: a supply of motivated offenders, the availability of suitable targets and the absence of capable guardians-control systems or someone to mind the store. Financial motivators obviously have a big impact on the cause of financial crime. These can range from an employee with an inability to pay her domestic bills to a senior executive under financial strain because he knows that market factors have adversely affected the business and analysts will be watching the latest results with eagerness. In this case, the strain may go beyond pure financial impact, but also to stature and reputation. Take the recent case of Computer Associates and its former CEO, Sanjay Kumar, and two other company executives. The governments indictment noted, Computer Associates prematurely recognized $2.2 b illion in revenue in FY 2000 and FY 2001 and more than $1.1 billion in premature revenue in prior quarters. The government also noted that the SEC alleges that from 1998 to 2000, Computer Associates routinely kept its books open to record revenue from contracts executed after the quarter ended in order to meet Wall Street quarterly earnings estimates. Computer Associates agreed to settlements with the SEC and the Justice Department to the tune of $225 million and agreed to reform its financial accounting controls. Some theorists have taken a big-picture approach and argued that white collar crime is the inevitable outcome of the competitive ethic of capitalism. According to this theory, competition is the field on which egotism and recklessness can have full play. We are constantly bombarded by images of the wealth and success that can be achieved through winning in the great experiment in social Darwinism in which we live. The inevitable result of such competition is the recognition of the economic inequality of winners and losers, which can be internalized as the constant fear of failing. This discontent may be sufficient to make a person see white-collar crime as the great equalizing act. The drive for money and the trappings of success are, therefore, the motivators of the act. The situation in which the potential white-collar offender finds him- or herself plays a most significant role in determining whether a crime will be committed. The corporate culture lived daily at the workplace can often create enormous pressures to commit criminal acts. Examples are common in the famous cases of price-fixing, bribery, and manufacture of dangerous products that occurred throughout the last century. A corrupt corporate culture can lead to the inversion of all values. Loyalty can easily slip into complicity. Criminal behaviour becomes normal. Team-playing becomes conspiracy. Fear of dismissal, ostracism, or losing the favour of superiors can be compelling forces in the world of a department or small company. In such an atmosphere, one learns criminal behaviour in association with those who define such behaviour favourably, as Sutherland contended. These acts cannot be explained by a personal history of instability and deviance since stability and conformity are the principal characteristics of these criminals lives. Even while committing the crimes, white-collar offenders are able to lead their conventional lives, which are, indeed, their camouflage. Their conventionality and stability are the foundation of the trustworthiness that gives them the opportunity to commit the crime in the first place. It is this life of conventionality that gives the criminal act the character of an aberration. It is, however, the white-collar criminals power of rationalization that is one of the most amazing aspects of their behaviour. They are able to behave normally and aberrantly at the same time without feeling conflict. This behaviour is possible through the use of techniques of neutralization. These are acts of mental deftness that allow persons to violate behavioural norms without simultaneously seeing themselves as deviant or criminal. Such self exculpating explanations can occur both before and after the commission of a criminal act. The most common rationalization noted several times already in this unit is that financial crimes do not hurt other people. Embezzlers commonly tell themselves they are merely borrowing the money and intend to return it later without anyone else being affected. Many embezzlers justify it because they had to do it to pay mounting family bills. Everybodys doing it is frequently heard as an argument for systematic wrongful company behaviour. Corporate offenders often consider laws as an unjust or unnecessary form of government interference disrupting free market forces. They may even argue that breaking the law was necessary for the survival of the company. Employees frequently offer a moral justification for their thefts with the argument that their employer owed them the money. Fraud simply expressed their grievance. For example, they feel exploited and underpaid or hurt after receiving a smaller-than-expected bonus. Many feel justified after being passed over for promotion; others feel they can do the job just as well as, if not better than, the person with the higher education. Personal antipathies, anger after a reprimand from the boss, and the like can all be self-serving explanations for fraud. In rare cases, mental illness can drive a person to commit fraud through a wish to damage the company. Others can be motivated by pure egotism; they commit fraud just to show how smart they are. Yet others are driven by anti capitalist ideologies and think they are destroying the system from within. Auditors Need to Understand the Mind of the Fraudster In the introduction to Why Smart People Do Dumb Things, Mortimer Feinberg and John J. Tarrant begin: If you are of above average intelligence-and if you have mastered the use of high intelligence to solve problems and achieve goals-it is the premise of this book that you are at risk [of perpetrating a fraud] because of the strength of your cognitive equipment. The book recounts tale after tale of successful professionals and politicians who did something dumb and ruined their lives. It is also a book that can help auditors understand the mind of the white-collar criminal. Because auditors, within the time at their disposal, cannot verify every transaction, they must make assumptions based on audit evidence gathered until the point of the decision. The more auditors understand about why criminals do what they do, the better prepared they may be to determine the nature, timing, and extent of audit procedures relative to the risks identified during the planning stage and modified, as may be warranted, on the basis of the audit evidence found. Professional skepticism is the attitude that must drive the financial statement audit. If we lived in a perfect world in which no one made mistakes, or lied, or cheated, or stole, audits would be unnecessary. But we dont, and so audits are required. Even with effective auditing, at the end of every audit and forensic accounting investigation, uncertainty will remain. As auditors continue to focus on the fact that smart people do dumb things and on the conditions under which white-collar criminals may act, auditors may be able to better select transactions worthy of expanded testing and know also how to evaluate the results of those tests. The so-called fraud triangle, offers three conditions that tend to be present when frauds occur: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Incentive or pressure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Opportunity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Rationalization and attitude Conclusion As auditors focus on the number of people they encounter in the course of an audit, they would probably agree that a great many of those people would no doubt have opportunities to commit fraud. How many others also have the undisclosed incentive and ability to rationalize that are demonstrably part of the fraud triangle? There is no easy way to judge this. In the design of controls to prevent financial crime and in the performance of audit procedures, it is important to keep in mind the expression, Locks on doors keep out honest people. Predators, as noted earlier, have a good chance of circumventing most of the controls a company puts in place. Fraud deterrence and detection controls are designed, theoretically, to stop everyone else, but they wont, because it is unrealistic to expect controls that can be designed to stop everyone. Collusion, for example, may well defeat a well-designed control and may not be detected in a timely manner by individuals performing daily control activities. The best fraud deterrence mechanism is simple: create the expectation in your organization that wrongdoers will be caught and that punishment will be swift and commensurate with the offense. The emphasis on expectation is important. It can be brought about in a number of ways. Effective training and education on the importance of ethical conduct, background checks on all employees, regular fraud audits by forensic accounting investigators, and a strong internal control system are among the means. To create that perception, employees must also be well aware that their activities are being monitored, and all employees with access to financial assets and transactions must have a healthy respect for the robustness of the control system. If employees believe they will be caught and punished for wrongdoing, that belief may be enough to keep them from adding rationalization to incentive and opportunity.

Guns and Violence Essay -- Social Issues, Crimes

Guns and violence have some long lasting effects on not only the crime rate, but the rights that people have to own guns themselves. Even though the violence is a factor in why many believe that guns should be banned, guns should be allowed and not banned because they should be allowed because of the laws and the rights of citizens allow them there rights. The ethics and laws that occur with the current and enduring debates are another meaningful point. As Supreme Court Cases rage on about how a cities ban on handguns could break amendments, this is how the topic has gained from it (Hoxie 474). As crime statistics begin to rise there are many reasons that they need to work on the juvenile justice system (Collier 478). The other topic of the age could become a factor is another point that many think needs to be changed, as a 13 year old child could commit murder, they would not be sentenced as severely as an adult (Cohen 481). The ethic and laws play a huge effect on guns and violence because of the effects it has on crime, and the citizens themselves play a huge role on the society that they live in. Violence has been connected with guns in today’s society. For this reason a lot of cases have ended up in courts to try to decide what the truth about the second amendment is. As the U.S. Constitution guarantees people the right to bear arms. Not only is this but there debates about this amendment, that look to strike down the law in effect. There have been laws banning the ownership of handguns, which has been an attempt to stop the violence in districts. Many are searching for the correct way to regulate dangerous or potentially dangerous weapons, by doing this they would make the ownership of them illegal (Hoxie 474). But is the... ... that have guns. Even when violence is the factor it is why many believe that guns should be banned, guns should be allowed and not banned because of the rights that citizens have. The ethics and laws can occur with the current debates that get to meaningful points. The Supreme Court Cases continue to bring up how city bans on handguns break amendments, and this is how the topic has picked up from it (Hoxie 474). Crime statistics have risen for many reasons and they will need to work on the idea of a juvenile justice system (Collier 478). The idea of age can become another thing that might need changes, because a 13 year old child could commit murder and they would not be sentenced as severely as an adult (Cohen 481). The laws and ethics play huge effects on how guns and violence affect crime and the citizens themselves, in which hold a key role in the society.

Better Education for the Smaller Family

In recent years, a trend around the world has been toward a smaller family. Most families in the world have one or two children. In Vietnam, the average number of children per family has decreased in the last 20 years. A typical Vietnamese family has only one or two children. In the past, a family with more than ten children was not strange. The better education and the improvement of living condition have caused smaller family size. First, the average number of children per family has decreased because of better education. After the Vietnam War, the Vietnamese government has emphasized on education. Every kid could go to school to study. Therefore, more knowledge and more job opportunities have provided to Vietnamese people. High-educated people concentrate on their work and their income. They do not want to marry soon. The more late married couples there are, the fewer children are born. Consequently, the family size has decreased. Moreover, Vietnamese people used to think that a big family with many children is a happy family. The educated people have a different point of view. They cannot provide their children a good education and a satisfactory support if they had many children. They have realized the benefit from a smaller family. For instance, the parent can afford $1000 to their children a month. If they had four children, each would receive only $250. However, the kid in a single child family would receive the whole supply. A small family would provide the child a good condition to grow up. Besides, a problem has occurred from smaller families. The child becomes mischievous and naughty. The kid does whatever he or she wants because they know that their parent do not have many children. Second, the improvement of living condition has caused smaller family size. During the Vietnam War, Vietnamese people liked to have many children because they were afraid that they would lose their kids for the war. They wanted more and more of their kids to become more and more Vietnamese soldiers. After the war, they did not need more children. As a result, the family size started to decrease. Furthermore, Vietnam is a country base on farm product. Eighty percent of Vietnamese people are farmers. The farm work is very difficult and requires a lot of labor. They needed many family members to help their work. Therefore, they had many children. Nowadays, farmers have used machine and new technology in their work. The apparatus has replaced the labor. The farmers do not need many people to help them. Accordingly, they have had fewer children. In addition, more public services and information have been provided to Vietnamese people. The couples have planed to have healthy marriages. A small family is a good choice for them. This smaller, healthier family contributes to overall development and slower population growth. Nevertheless, the trend toward smaller family needs to be controlled in order to have a best result. Providing jobs and food is hard, but lacking work force is also a problem. Nowadays, people have fewer children then they had before. The more kids they have, the more money and time they spend. In order to have a happy family, they have to support a good environment to their children. Separating the parents† afford and love for three or four children is not a good idea. Consequently, a smaller family is the best choice.

The Most Beautiful University Libraries In The USA

The Most Beautiful University Libraries In The USA If you are looking for a fantastic library to study in, youre in the right place. There is no need to look further because we explored and evaluated hundreds of libraries around the US and after a careful study have come up with our list of top 7 Amazing College Libraries. These libraries offer great on-campus experiences, house remarkable and unique book collections, as well as please the eye with monumental architecture. 1. Cook Legal Research Library (University of Michigan) The Cook Legal Research Library is impressive and grandiose, having spires, stained glass windows, and metal works. Being the best of his time, Samuel Yellin did the metalwork. This magnificent library was originally built in 1931 to hold around 350,000 books and then in the 1950s there were 4 floors. You can also find the Reading Room and Study Group Rooms here, which can place hundreds of students. This awesome library not only has the worlds best collections of research materials but also houses the Cooks Library from his Manhattan townhouse. 2. William Oxley Thompson Memorial Library (The Ohio State University) This library is the central one at the Ohio State University, built in 1912. A significant long-term renovation started in July 2006 and the library reopened in August 2009. The buildings architectural style is Neo-Classical. This impressive building provides a variety of study and research places, a large collection of various book editions. The friendly and professional staff is always ready to help you. In William Oxley Thompson Memorial Library you can find books on social sciences and humanities including university archives, special collections, rare books, manuscripts, journals, general interest periodicals. Besides, there are sections related to literature, linguistics, regional foreign language, theater, philosophy, religion, history, anthropology, sociology, and political science. 3. Linderman Library (Lehigh University) The Victorian rotunda of 1878 and the grand reading room of 1929 were held in all their beauty. Linderman Library offers 4 seminar rooms, 5 group studies, computer classrooms, a quiet study space, a cafà ©, and wireless network throughout. The Library possesses volumes and journals in the humanities and Lehighs remarkable collection (over 40,000 books) of rare and limited editions. It has Darwins Origin of Species and 4 volume edition of Birds of America by James John Audubon. This awesome library can boast of a collection of over 15,000 photo images. 4. Nicholas Murray Butler Library (Columbia University) The construction of the building was finished in 1934 but the library opened its doors in 1935. Architect James Gamble Rogers built this library in Neoclassic style. Previously the library was called the South Hall and then renamed into Nicholas Murray Butler Library in order to commemorate the memory of the prior president of the institution in 1946. The main peculiarity of the library is an arcade of columns where names of great philosophers, writers, and thinkers are inscribed. 5. Doheny Library (University of Southern California) Doheny Library is a historic building opened in 1932. This first freestanding library was built in honor of Edward L. Doheny Jr. – the University of Southern California Trustee and Alumnus. Its still one of the university’s most famous and oldest academic buildings on campus. It incorporates numerous collections, including the Asian Library (there are materials in Japanese, Chinese, and Korean languages), Music Library, and Cinematic Arts Library. 6. William R. Perkins Library (Duke University) Opened in 1839, William R. Perkins Library is one of the 9 buildings that belong to the Library System of Duke University. This library can boast of a vast amount of Confederate Imprints (more than 200,000 photos) that include information on urban communities, rural conditions of the Civil War. The library contains documents and books from other libraries like the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book Manuscript Library. This collection of documents is often proclaimed as the most unique part of the on-campus list. 7. Thompson Memorial Library (Vassar College) This Library was opened in 1865 and represents the main building of 7 libraries on the premises of the Vassar College. The architecture of this marvelous library catches the eye of observers. Not every library can boast of the Perpendicular Gothic style, which is very special for on-campus libraries. It has a valuable collection of historical videos, newspapers and periodicals. The Rare Books Collection shows the influence on the womens history. The oldest historic books can be also found here.